Heat shield for signature suppression system

ABSTRACT

Devices, systems, and methods of a casing for a heat suppression system of a gas turbine engine exhaust include a floating heat shield.

GOVERNMENT LICENSE RIGHTS

This invention was made with government support under contract no.H2222-16-C-0121 awarded by U.S. Air Force. The U.S. government hascertain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to gas turbine engines, andmore specifically to gas turbine engines including heat signaturesuppression.

Gas turbine engines are used to power aircraft, watercraft, powergenerators, and the like. Gas turbine engines typically include anengine core having a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. Thecompressor compresses air drawn into the engine and delivers highpressure air to the combustor. In the combustor, fuel is mixed with thehigh pressure air and is ignited. Exhaust products of the combustionreaction in the combustor are directed into the turbine where work isextracted to drive the compressor and, sometimes, an output shaft, fan,or propeller. The exhaust products from gas turbine engines aretypically expelled to atmosphere having considerable temperature.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure may comprise one or more of the followingfeatures and combinations thereof.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, an aircraft maycomprise a gas turbine engine including an exhaust system, a heatsuppression system fluidly connected with the exhaust system and adaptedto inhibit line of sight therein. The heat suppression system mayinclude an outer skin defining a cavity and including at least onemount, an exhaust conduit arranged within the cavity of the outer casinghaving an exhaust passageway defined therethrough for receiving exhaustof the gas turbine engine, and a vane diffuser arranged within theexhaust passageway of the exhaust conduit. The aircraft may include ashield system having a heat shield and an insulation layer. The shieldsystem may be arranged within the cavity and secured with the outerskin. The heat shield may be arranged between the outer skin and theexhaust conduit and the insulation layer may be disposed between theheat shield and the outer skin, wherein the heat shield may be supportedto float relative to the outer skin on the at least one mount.

In some embodiments, the at least one mount may define slanted surfacesfor engagement with the heat shield. The heat shield may include aforward sheet and an aft sheet, the forward sheet may be secured to afirst surface of the slanted surfaces and the aft sheet may be securedto a second surface of the slanted surfaces. The first and secondslanted surfaces may have different pitch.

In some embodiments, the forward sheet and the aft sheet may be arrangedto overlap. The forward and aft sheets may be linear between theirforward and aft ends. In some embodiments, an air gap may be definedbetween at least one of the forward and aft sheets and the outer skin.

In some embodiments, the insulation layer may be arranged as a damperabsorbing relative movement between the outer skin and the heat shield.The insulation layer may have a spring rate in the range of 25 to 100lb-force/in².

In some embodiments, the heat shield may be secured with the outer skinwith an attachment system including a fastener and a spacer. Thefastener may be arranged to penetrate through the heat shield.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a casing systemfor a heat suppression system of a gas turbine engine may comprise anouter skin defining an inner cavity and having at least one mount, aheat shield disposed within the cavity and secured with the outer skin,and an insulation layer disposed between the outer skin and theinsulation layer. The heat shield may be supported to float relative tothe outer skin on the at least one mount.

In some embodiments, the at least one mount may define slanted surfacesfor engagement with the heat shield. In some embodiments, the heatshield may include a forward sheet and an aft sheet, the forward sheetmay be secured to a first surface of the slanted surfaces and the aftsheet may be secured to a second surface of the slanted surfaces. Thefirst and second slanted surfaces may have different pitch.

In some embodiments, the forward sheet and the aft sheet may be arrangedto overlap. The forward and aft sheets may be linear extending betweentheir forward and aft ends. In some embodiments, a gap may be definedbetween at least one of the forward and aft sheets and the outer skin.

In some embodiments, the insulation layer may arranged as a damperabsorbing relative movement between the outer skin and the heat shield.The insulation layer may have a spring rate in the range of 25 to 100lb-force/in².

In some embodiments, the heat shield may be secured with the outer skinwith an attachment system including a fastener and a spacer. Thefastener may be arranged to penetrate through the heat shield.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method offorming a casing may comprise mounting a first sheet of a heat shield toa first surface of an outer skin, mounting a second sheet of a heatshield to a second surface of an outer skin, and compressing a damperarranged between the heat shield and the outer skin. In someembodiments, mounting at least one of the first and second sheets mayinclude wrapping the at least one of the first and second sheets to havecurvature corresponding to the outer skin.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a heat protectionsystem may comprise a composite layer, a heat shield layer secured withthe composite layer, and a damper layer disposed between the compositelayer and the heat shield. In some embodiments, an air gap may bedefined between at least a portion of the composite layer and at least aportion of the composite layer.

These and other features of the present disclosure will become moreapparent from the following description of the illustrative embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an perspective view of an aircraft showing that the aircraftincludes a gas turbine engine adapted to provide thrust for propellingthe aircraft and showing that the engine includes a heat signaturesuppression system attached to an aft end (rear) of the engine;

FIG. 2 is a side view of the heat signature suppression system of FIG. 1with a portion of an outer casing rendered transparent to show that theheat signature suppression system includes an exhaust conduit connectedto an outlet of the engine to receive exhaust products therefrom and adiffuser arranged within the exhaust conduct to receive and mix togetherthe exhaust products and a flow of coolant to reduce temperature, andshowing a heat shield system include a heat shield arranged to provideheat protection to the outer casing;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a portion of the outer casing separatedfrom the aircraft of FIGS. 1 and 2, showing that the heat shield issecured within a cavity of the outer casing with curvature (lateral)corresponding to the outer casing;

FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of the portion of the outer casing ofFIG. 3 with a portion of the outer casing rendered transparent to showthe heat shield system and showing that the heat shield includes sheetshaving curvature corresponding to an axis (dashed line) of the center ofcurvature of the outer casing near the heat shield;

FIG. 5 is perspective view of the heat shield system in cross-sectionalong the line 5-5 to show that the sheets of the heat shield are linearalong the forward-to-aft direction (left to right);

FIG. 6 is a closer side elevation view of the cross-section of FIG. 5showing that the heat shield system includes an insulation layer betweenthe outer casing and the heat shield, and showing that an attachmentsystem secures the heat shield with the outer casing in a floatingarrangement;

FIG. 7 is another embodiment of a heat shield of the heat shield systemof FIGS. 2-6 showing that heat shield includes a bent sheet conformingwith the forward-to-aft curvature of the outer casing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of thedisclosure, reference will now be made to a number of illustrativeembodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will beused to describe the same.

Gas turbine engines combust a mixture of fuel and compressed air intoexhaust products that produce rotational force by expanding through aturbine section of the engine. The exhaust products which exit gasturbine engines typically have high temperatures. The high temperatureexhaust products from gas turbine engines and high temperaturecomponents within and around the gas turbine engines can be detected byheat detecting systems as heat signatures. Non-limiting examples of suchdetection systems may include infrared (IR) detection systems.

Gas turbine engines can be adapted to provide power and/or thrust forvehicles, for example, aircraft. Vehicle presence can be determined bydetecting the heat signature of adapted gas turbine engines. By coolingand/or reducing line of sight to high temperature components and fluids(regions), heat signatures of gas turbine engines can be reduced and avehicle's presence can be inhibited.

However, such high temperature regions can create difficulties indesigning structural assemblies. For example, thermal soakback(generally known as transient conditions immediately following engineslowdown/shut down, where heat has little or no active mechanism to exitthe engine) can be created under low engine load conditions and canresult in over temperature conditions. Over temperature conditions canrequired costly materials, design, and/or can be detrimental toperformance and/or lifetime of components. The present disclosureincludes devices, systems, and methods for enduring the full range ofoperational conditions of the gas turbine engine.

As shown in FIG. 1, an illustrative aircraft 10 includes gas turbineengines 12 for providing thrust for aircraft flight. In the illustrativeembodiment, the aircraft 10 is embodied to include four gas turbineengines 12 each secured underneath wings 14. In some embodiments, anysuitable number and/or arrangement of engines 12 can be utilized. Thefollowing description is provided regarding a single gas turbine engine12, but may apply equally to all engines 12.

As shown in FIG. 1, the gas turbine engine 12 illustratively includes aforward end 16 and an aft end 18. The gas turbine engine 12illustratively includes a compressor, combustor, and turbine section forrespectively compressing air, combusting air/fuel mixture to producecombustion (exhaust) products, and expanding the exhaust products todrive rotation of the turbine section. The gas turbine engine 12 isillustratively embodied to include a propeller 20 arranged near theforward end 16 thereof and adapted for driven rotation by a shaft of theturbine section of the gas turbine engine 12. Rotation of the propeller20 illustratively provides thrust to propel the aircraft 10. In someembodiments, the gas turbine engine 12 may be any suitable type and/orarrangement, including but not limited, to turboprop, turbofan, andturbojet engines.

As shown in FIG. 1, the gas turbine engine 12 illustratively includes anexhaust outlet 32 arranged near the aft end 18 for expelling exhaustproducts from the engine 12. Exhaust products that have been expanded todrive rotation of the turbine section are illustratively discharged fromthe exhaust outlet 32 to the atmosphere. Gas turbine engine exhaustproducts, by themselves, can have considerable temperature, on the orderof 700° F., which creates a significant heat signature that can bedetected. Moreover, hot components and products with the engine can bemore easily detected if there line of sight through the exhaust outletis permitted.

As shown in FIG. 1, the gas turbine engine 12 illustratively includes aheat signature suppression system 24 for reducing the heat signaturecreated by the gas turbine engine 12 to inhibit detection. The heatsignature suppression system 24 is illustratively secured to theaircraft 10 near the aft end 18 of the engine 12 to receive exhaustproducts from the engine 12. The heat signature suppression system 24illustratively reduces the impact of the heat signature from the engine12 by cooling and/or inhibiting line of sight to hot fluids andcomponents.

As shown in FIG. 2, the heat signature suppression system 24illustratively includes an outer casing 26 defining a cavity 28 therein.The outer casing 26 is illustratively shown with a portion renderedtransparent to reveal an exhaust conduit 30 arranged within the cavity28 of the outer casing 26 to pass exhaust products from the exhaustsystem outlet 32 of the engine 12 through the heat signature suppressionsystem to an outlet 84 for discharge to atmosphere. The heat signaturesuppression system 24 illustratively includes a diffuser 34 arrangedwithin the exhaust conduit 30 to receive exhaust products for mixingwith coolant and to inhibit line of sight into the gas turbine engine 12through the outlet 84.

As shown in FIG. 2, a heat shield system 36 is illustratively arrangedwithin the cavity 28. The heat shield system 36 is illustrativelypositioned forward of the diffuser 34 and/or near the connection betweenthe exhaust conduit 30 and the outlet 32 of the engine 12. The heatshield system 36 provides protection against heat from the exhaustproducts.

As shown in FIG. 3, a portion of the outer casing 26 is shown removedfrom the aircraft 10 for descriptive and illustrative convenience. Theheat shield system 36 illustratively includes a heat shield 38 (shownwith illustrative fill in FIG. 3 for convenience). The heat shield 38 isillustratively arranged within the cavity 28 between the outer casing 26and the exhaust conduit 30.

As shown in FIG. 4, the heat shield 38 is illustratively formed from anumber of sheets 40, 42, 44. The sheets 40, 42, 44 each illustrativelyinclude curvature complimentary to the curvature of the cavity 28 and/orouter casing 26. For illustrative convenience, the curvature of thesheet 40, 42, 44 may be formed relative to an axis 45 shown toillustrate the center of curvature of the outer casing 26 near the heatshield system 36 (although the curvature of the outer casing 26 may varyfrom forward to aft ends). As explained in additional detail hererin,the heat shield 38 is secured with the outer casing 26 with a floatingarrangement to provide heat protection and accommodate relativemovement, such as thermal growth.

Referring to FIG. 5, as mentioned above, the heat shield 38 is supportedby the outer casing 26 in a floating arrangement. The outer casing 26illustratively includes mounts 46, 48 arranged within the cavity 28. Theouter casing 26 illustratively includes an exterior layer 50 and eachmount 46, 48 projects from an interior side of the exterior layer 50into the cavity 28.

In the illustrative embodiment as shown in FIG. 6, the mounts 46, 48 areformed as U-channels extending circumferentially about the cavity 28(with curvature of the outer casing 26). The mounts 46, 48illustratively provide structural integrity to the outer casing 26 andmounting points for the heat shield 38, although in some embodiments,distinct structure and mounting points may be included. The mounts 46,48 each illustratively includes a platform 56 defining mount surfaces58, 60 for supporting the heat shield 38. The mount surfaces 58, 60 areillustratively formed as slanted surfaces oriented to accommodatepositioning of the sheets 40, 42, 44. The mount surface 58 isillustratively forward of the mount surface 60 and slopes towardsforward while the mount surface 60 illustratively slopes aftward. Thesheet 40 is illustratively engaged with the mount surface 58 while thesheet 42 is engaged with the mount surface 60.

The relatively linear engagement between the mounting surfaces and theirrespective sheets permits securing of the heat shield 38 with the outercasing 26 with complimentary curvature, as mentioned above. By allowingthe linear engagement, the sheets 40, 42, 44 can be installed (wrapped)directly into place as linear segments (along the forward and aftdirections) with an overlap arrangement (as best seen in FIG. 6,cascading in the aftward direction). The overlap arrangement can provideheat protection without requiring extensive mechanical contouring of theheat shield 38 to conform with the cavity 28. As best shown in FIG. 6,gaps 62 are illustratively defined between at least portions of the heatshield 38 and the outer casing 26. The gaps 62 can assist in thermalinsulation and/or in accommodating movement between the heat shield 38and the outer casing 26. In the illustrative embodiment, the mount 48and its connection with the heat shield 38 is similar to the mount 46except as indicated otherwise.

As shown in FIG. 6, an insulation layer 54 is illustratively arrangedbetween the outer casing 26 and the heat shield 38. The insulation layer54 is illustratively formed as a thermal insulator to resist heattransfer. The insulation layer 54 is also illustratively formed as aresilient member having a spring rate in compression to providedampening of movement between the heat shield 38 and the outer casing26. The insulation layer 54 is illustratively embodied as a spray-onfoam having a spring rate within the range of about 25 to about 100lb-force/in². In some embodiments, thermal insulation and dampening maybe provided wholly or partly by distinct layers and/or any othersuitable members. One example of a suitable insulation material for usein insulation layer 54 is MI-15® insulation as marketed by LockheedMartin of Bethesda, Md.

Referring to FIG. 6, the heat shield system 36 illustratively includesan attachment system 64 for securing the heat shield 38 with the outercasing 26. The attachment system 64 illustratively includes fasteners 66and spacers 68. Each fastener 66 illustratively includes a bolt 70 thatextends through the heat shield 38 and is secured with the outer casing26 by a nut 72 (illustratively opposite the mount surface 58, 60). Thespacer 68 illustratively provides a mechanical limit to the compressionof the fastener 66. The spacer 68 is illustratively formed of lowthermal expansion ceramic, but in some embodiments, may include anysuitable material.

As shown in FIG. 6, the attachment system 64 illustratively includeswashers 74. The washers 74 are illustratively sized larger than holes 76of the heat shield 38 through which the fasteners 66 penetrate. In theillustrative embodiment, the ceramic spacers 68 are sized smaller thanthe hole 76 and extends therethrough to contact the washer 74. Eachwasher 74 is illustratively engaged with the heat shield 38 on an innerside (within the cavity 28) and engages with the corresponding mountsurface 58, 60 of the respective mount 46, 48. As shown in FIG. 6, anumber of fasteners 66 secure the sheets 40, 42, 44 to the mountsurfaces 58, 60 along the curvature of the mounts 46, 48. The use of anoversize washer in combination with a large clearance hole canaccommodates relative movement between the heat shield 38 and outercasing 26, for example, disparate thermal growth.

Referring briefly to FIG. 5, the sheet 40 is most forward of the sheetsand is illustratively secured only on an aft end to the mount 46. Thesheet 42 is illustratively aft of sheet 40 and extends between and issecured to each of the mounts 46, 48. The sheet 44 is illustrativelymost aftward of the sheets and is illustratively secured only on aforward end to the mount 48. The aftward end of sheet 40 isillustratively arranged inward of the forward end of the sheet 42, andthe aftward end of sheet 42 is illustratively arranged inward of theforward end of the sheet 44, to create overlapping arrangement in theaftward direction.

In the illustrative embodiment, the heat shield 38 is illustrativelyformed of a high temperature resilient material, for example, titanium,but in some embodiments may include any suitable material. The outercasing 26, and namely the exterior layer 50, is illustratively formed ofa carbon fiber reinforced composite having lower temperature capabilitythan the heat shield 38. Because the heat shield 38 can protect theouter casing 26 from the highest temperatures (including soakbacktemperatures), the outer casing can be formed of materials that are lessheat resilient, less costly, more available, and/or more easilyconfigured.

In another illustrative embodiment as shown in FIG. 7, a heat shield 138may illustratively formed as at least one bent sheet 78. The heat shield138 illustratively includes the insulation layer 54 and isillustratively secured with the mounts 46, 48 in similar manner as theheat shield 38. Unlike the heat shield 38, heat shield 138illustratively includes pre-formed bends along the forward to aftdirection, and in the circumferential direction to conform with theouter casing 26.

As previously mentioned the diffuser 34 is illustratively arrangedwithin the exhaust conduit 30. The diffuser 34 can includes a diffuserbody and fins (outer radial ends indicated in FIG. 2) extending radiallyfrom and distributed circumferentially about the body. The fins canassist to mix cooling fluid with exhaust products flowing through theexhaust conduit 30. The fins can illustratively include curvature(serpentine along the axial direction) and can be arranged to visuallyoverlap their adjacent fins to obscure line-of-sight forward towards theengine 12 through the main outlet 84.

The present disclosure includes devices, systems, and methods forinfrared heat suppression systems for aircraft, for example, for theAC130-W. The present disclosure includes an InfraRed Suppressor (IRS)that may include an aircraft mounted Primary Duct Assembly and aStructural Fairing. The Structural Fairing may include a lowertemperature capable (600F) Carbon Fiber reinforced composite skin thatis mounted directly to the airframe, and in-turn may provide mountingfeatures that support the Primary Duct Assembly. Hot air exiting themain propulsion (for example, a T56 gas turbine engine) may be channeledthrough the Primary Duct Assembly and subsequently cooled before exitingthe exhaust system. The Structural Fairing may surround the Primary DuctAssembly and may provide inlet scoops to channel cool ambient airthrough the annulus between the Structural Fairing and Primary Ductduring aircraft operation.

Thermal heat load (radiation & convection) may emanates from the PrimaryDuct and may reach the composite skin, especially during low speedground idle and thermal soakback conditions. Soakback may refer to thetransient condition immediately following engine shut down, where latentheat may have no active mechanism to exit the engine and IRS assembly.The present disclosure may address over temperature conditions of thecomposite by the addition of a heat shield off the inner surface of thecomposite and facing the Primary Duct Assembly. In some embodiments, theheat shield may be metallic.

The heat shield may be suspended off the surface via attachment boltsand large diameter “fender” washers. Due to temperature differencesbetween the composite colder outer skin and the hotter heat shields, anover-size clearance hole may be included at fastener locations. Eachfastener location may utilize an oversize washer (fender washer) toretain the heat shield, while allowing it to float to accommodaterelative thermal growths. In addition, the attachment grip may feature abolt, a ceramic spacer, the oversize metal washer, and a Fairingstiffener. The surface of the composite Fairing that contacts the metalheat shield may be covered with commercially available low conductivityfoam insulation.

In some embodiments, the attachment assembly 64 may be installed to havea pre-load on the insulation layer 54 in order to assist dampeningrelative movements, for example, thermal movements, and/or engine and/orpropeller induced vibration. The present disclosure includes utilizing alow thermal expansion ceramic spacer to partially offset the highthermal growth of the composite, in the thickness direction, from theheat shield; thereby preventing crushing of the composite in the boltgrip. The present disclosure includes providing thermal protection forthe lower temperature capable Carbon Fiber reinforced composite ductduring high temperature events including low speed ground idle andthermal soakback conditions.

While the disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in theforegoing drawings and description, the same is to be considered asexemplary and not restrictive in character, it being understood thatonly illustrative embodiments thereof have been shown and described andthat all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of thedisclosure are desired to be protected.

What is claimed is:
 1. An aircraft comprising a gas turbine engineincluding an exhaust system, a heat suppression system fluidly connectedwith the exhaust system and adapted to inhibit line of sight therein,the heat suppression system including: an outer skin defining a cavityand including at least one mount, an exhaust conduit arranged within thecavity of the outer casing having an exhaust passageway definedtherethrough for receiving exhaust of the gas turbine engine, a vanediffuser arranged within the exhaust passageway of the exhaust conduit,and a shield system arranged within the cavity and secured with theouter skin, the shield system including a heat shield and an insulationlayer, the heat shield arranged between the outer skin and the exhaustconduit, the insulation layer disposed between the heat shield and theouter skin wherein the heat shield is supported to float relative to theouter skin on the at least one mount.
 2. The aircraft of claim 1,wherein the at least one mount defines slanted surfaces for engagementwith the heat shield.
 3. The aircraft of claim 2, wherein the heatshield includes a forward sheet and an aft sheet, the forward sheetsecured to a first surface of the slanted surfaces and the aft sheetsecured to a second surface of the slanted surfaces, wherein the firstand second slanted surfaces have different pitch.
 4. The aircraft ofclaim 3, wherein the forward sheet and the aft sheet are arranged tooverlap.
 5. The aircraft of claim 3, wherein the forward and aft sheetsare linear between their forward and aft ends.
 6. The aircraft of claim3, wherein an air gap is defined between at least one of the forward andaft sheets and the outer skin.
 7. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein theinsulation layer is arranged as a damper absorbing relative movementbetween the outer skin and the heat shield.
 8. The aircraft of claim 8,wherein the insulation has a spring rate in the range of 25 to 100lb-force/in².
 9. The aircraft claim 1, wherein the heat shield issecured with the outer skin with an attachment system including afastener and a spacer, the fastener penetrating through the heat shield.10. A casing system for a heat suppression system of a gas turbineengine, the casing system comprising an outer skin defining an innercavity and having at least one mount, a heat shield disposed within thecavity and secured with the outer skin, an insulation layer disposedbetween the outer skin and the insulation layer, wherein the heat shieldis supported to float relative to the outer skin on the at least onemount.
 11. The aircraft of claim 10, wherein the at least one mountdefines slanted surfaces for engagement with the heat shield.
 12. Theaircraft of claim 11, wherein the heat shield includes a forward sheetand an aft sheet, the forward sheet secured to a first surface of theslanted surfaces and the aft sheet secured to a second surface of theslanted surfaces, wherein the first and second slanted surfaces havedifferent pitch.
 13. The aircraft of claim 12, wherein the forward sheetand the aft sheet are arranged to overlap.
 14. The aircraft of claim 12,wherein the forward and aft sheets are linear extending between theirforward and aft ends.
 15. The aircraft of claim 10, wherein a gap isdefined between at least one of the forward and aft sheets and the outerskin.
 16. The aircraft of claim 10, wherein the insulation layer isarranged as a damper absorbing relative movement between the outer skinand the heat shield.
 17. The aircraft of claim 16, wherein theinsulation layer has a spring rate in the range of 25 to 100lb-force/in².
 18. The aircraft claim 10, wherein the heat shield issecured with the outer skin with an attachment system including afastener and a spacer, the fastener penetrating through the heat shield.19. A method of forming a casing, the method comprising mounting a firstsheet of a heat shield to a first surface of an outer skin, mounting asecond sheet of a heat shield to a second surface of an outer skin, andcompressing a damper arranged between the heat shield and the outerskin.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein mounting at least one of thefirst and second sheets includes wrapping the at least one of the firstand second sheets to have curvature corresponding to the outer skin.